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From Flock to Shepherd: The Evolution of the Drummer-Led Ensemble in Jazz

Courtesy David Redfern
Not only were these men legends in the eyes of their sidemen...[they] were beloved by their musicians who were humbled and grateful for the opportunities given to them.


Brian Blade
drumsb.1970
Drummers have become centers of creative movements. In New York, Mark Guiliana's Beat Music was a stylistic innovation many tried to copy.

Tyshawn Sorey
drumsb.1980

John Zorn
saxophone, altob.1953

Allison Miller
drums
Jamison Ross
drums
The Old System
Band leading was once a reward for the most prestigious sidemen. The move from the back of the album to the front rarely required the band leader to be a creative force. For the drummer, this meant that material was not as important as star power.
Buddy Rich
drums1917 - 1987
"What did he achieve prior to me joining his band? He was

John Coltrane
saxophone1926 - 1967

Joe Chambers
drumsb.1942

Tony Williams
drums1945 - 1997

Art Blakey
drums1919 - 1990

Roy Haynes
drums1926 - 2024

Billy Harper
saxophoneb.1943
"He [Tony Williams} hated it when somebody would introduce him at length as part of the

Miles Davis
trumpet1926 - 1991
"It came from a combination of (producer) Dick Bock, Buddy and I think (daughter) Cathy Rich pushing all these rock bands. Which was good for him because we ended playing at all of the big rock venue. For Buddy that was fantastic, we would get lots of exposure playing opposite the Crème and the Who and all of these different bands... [but] most of the decisions were his... there wasn't a musical director at all when I was with Buddy." It would be inaccurate to assume that these drummers never wrote music. Tony Williams was regularly the only featured writer on his albums and

Max Roach
drums1925 - 2007
Even if the prolific writing of Max Roach and Tony Williams are considered outliers, both

Elvin Jones
drums1927 - 2004

Dave Liebman
saxophoneb.1946
"He [Elvin Jones] was open to everything. It didn't matter what it was. Whether he would go for it or not would be another story, but he always was open about whatever. Politics or religion or, you know, certainly discussions about music or musicians. He wasn't a big talker, but he was open to everything, man." This indirect creative control didn't always extend past the bandstand, however. Apart from Elvin Jones, all the band leaders had a keen business instinct. Buddy Rich's foray into the rock and roll clubs expanded his audience and his cultivation of friendships made in the entertainment industry with Johnny Carson, and

Frank Sinatra
vocals1915 - 1998
"He [Elvin Jones] wasn't thinking about being an organized leader like that. You just followed him. We're gonna play something and that's it. Totally opposite from Max... Max was more organized. Elvin wasn't concerned with that. Max would get everything organized in his Capricorn type was." Organized leaders tended to have longer periods of searching for musical identity. Roach routinely played in dispirit musical environments, sometimes adding vocalists, choirs, large ensembles, duets (most famously with Cecil Taylor), and his percussion ensemble M'boom. After the end of the original Lifetime band, Tony Williams embarked on a ten-year period where he recorded four albums, one of which was never readily available in the United States. Philly Joe Jones, former star sideman with Miles Davis and John Coltrane, provides a unique illustration of the follies of each approach. Jones' lack of artistic control and creative indecisiveness lead his touring ensemble, Le Gran Prix, to never record, making the band a jazz musician myth. Dually described as a straight-ahead bebop group and as an avant-garde jazz-rock fusion project, Le Gran Prix was neither and changed its identity almost every night.
As with many band leaders of the era, rehearsals were rare and reserved for special events. As a big band leader, Buddy Rich is a notable exception but even his band rarely rehearsed in full as section leaders took it upon themselves to rehearse new and existing music for recording dates and television performances. For the small group leaders, rehearsals related only to the new music. Not even new members were guaranteed a rehearsal before their first performance, as Pat Labarbara explains:

"In those days the jazz scene in New York was very... not as many people as involved now 'cause you didn't have all the colleges. There were no colleges, so the musicians, there may be 50 or 60 guys, mostly guys, who were on the scene and around and going to clubs, trying to play when they could and jamming and listening... In that period, there were still bands playing in clubs. Sometimes two sets sometimes three. And that means you had a lot of opportunity to learn because you're playing the same repertoire night after night." These musicians were uniquely intuitive which allowed rehearsals to be short, direct, and rare. Despite differences in personalities, band size, and complexity of arrangements, all these leaders were described as having astonishing intuition. Members of Elvin Jones' quartet marveled at Jones' ability to play a song after only one listen. Jeff Johnson remarked on the ability of

Philly Joe Jones
drums1923 - 1985
The New Guard
Today's generation of drummer-leaders don't overtly credit the previous generation with influencing their decision to lead ensembles. While
Mark Guiliana
drums
Jack DeJohnette
drumsb.1942

Grady Tate
drums1932 - 2017

Stevie Wonder
vocalsb.1950


Daniel Lanois
guitarb.1951

Jon Cowherd
pianoThe album itself has grown in significance. Past leaders rarely planned albums in advance, as seen by the recording processes of Elvin Jones and Philly Joe Jones. However, today's bandleaders continually think about the next album as opportunities for creative departure. While not the main driver of composition, recording as grown in creative significance. Each bandleader is highly aware of their audience during both the album cycle and live performances, lending to planned shifts in musical direction. This has led to longer album cycles and less extensive touring, leaving only the most prolific composers of the modern generation to record near pace of past generations. From 1968 to 1975, Buddy Rich released 14 albums as a leader, according to All Music. Tyshawn Sorey, the most prolific modern band leader interviewed, has released 12 albums as a leader in his nearly two-decade career. Elvin Jones released 22 albums as a leader from 1971-1982 while Jamison Ross, Mark Guiliana, and Brian Blade have release 17 albums as leaders combined since 1998.
The University and the Street
The largest difference between the two eras of drummer-led ensembles is the disparity in the education of the bandleaders. Until the late 1970's, it was extremely rare for any jazz musicians to have a degree from any university. Among those interviewed for this study, only Max Roach had gone to college and even in that case, Roach didn't study percussion but composition instead and didn't officially graduate. Tony Williams could be considered highly educated as he studied under
Alan Dawson
drums1929 - 1996
The effects of such disparities in education become readily clear when studying the differences between older generation leaders. The level of education coincided the level of organization in the band. While bands led by Elvin Jones, Philly Joe Jones, and Art Blakey were musically pliable and loosely run, Max Roach ran a highly organized group that he dominated creatively. Though not formally educated similarly to Roach, Tony Williams was far more organized and creatively dominant then either Jones (Elvin or Philly Joe) or Blakey. Compositionally, the comparison between the two groups is stark. Williams composed all or most of the original works on his albums. Max Roach was a similarly overwhelming creative force. Even though Roach's albums were mixes of standards and originals, Roach was the credited composer for all original works. Blakey only wrote a handful of pieces, most of which were solo drum pieces with chanting or other percussion and was never the majority composer on a Jazz Messengers' album. Elvin Jones was a leader for 26 years before releasing an album where he was the plurality composer. Even in that case, the 1993 release Going Home features only four Elvin Jones compositions out of eight. Whereas modern leaders tightly control the sound of their groups through thoughtfulness and awareness, the past generation relied heavily on their intuition informed by their experience and unique gifts.
With the prevalence of college education, today's bandleaders began their bandleading endeavors after meeting musicians at college. The core of the Brian Blade Fellowship formed at Loyola University, Mark Guiliana's bandmates have sprung from his time at William Paterson University, and most of Tyshawn Sorey's Oblique began playing together at William Paterson. The networking aspect of college has long been known by musicians, but as bandleaders now begin their careers in colleges, these associations have become invaluable for an entire career as most modern leaders began composing in their undergraduate program where they could evaluate the talent of those around them and even develop musicians who could understand their writing. While this would suggest that education has an outsized impact on the musical notions of bandleaders, musicians who span both generations are not convinced that an expanded education is the source of the new emphasis on self-generating musicians. Many suggests that jazz has a culture that places an importance on original music. The older generation of band leaders were aware of the importance of original material. Art Blakey eventually began to tell every new Messenger that they were expected to bring in material. Even though the material wasn't his own, Elvin Jones' albums were filled with original material from others. However, schools can be an accelerator of original composition, as Tyshawn Sorey explains:
I think it depends on the institution. Some are set up really well for a composer to explore things, but it isn't a given. . .A lot of it is the individual but there if a person is in the right environment... they can really grow but there aren't a lot of those places out there.
All of the subjects interviewed see original compositions as an outgrowth of their individuality and a part of the challenge posited to jazz musicians. "I think it's sort of like asking 'well, what are you made of?,'" Brian Blade says, "'What are you thinking about? 'it's that learning and absorption... it's funneling into you so that you can express your own ideas." While acknowledging that education plays a role in introducing new sounds to the individual, Blade also noted the role of experience, echoing several interviewees. "It all has an impact," Blade continues. "Whatever piece of knowledge or experience you can gather along the way. For me, just having gone to New Orleans to study, to live there already it changed and informed everything... Deep inside of it, I can acknowledge that experience of the Marigny."

The influence of added competition isn't known yet. However, the influx of Jazz Studies majors across the nation is hard to ignore. During the 1970's, there were only a handful of universities that offered full-fledged jazz studies programs in the country, Berklee College of Music being the most prominent. No conservatory in New York offered a jazz studies degree until 1986 when the New School for Jazz and Contemporary Arts opened. Currently, an estimated 760 students are enrolled in a jazz studies degree program. Without the club scene to support the growing number of musicians, performances have become more specialized. This and the increased complexity of compositions have led to a lack of shared repertoire, hindering the ability of a musician to "sit-in" and the ability of a bandleader to draw from the music of other musicians.
Conclusion
On November 15th, 2017 at 10:30pm, the Jazz Standard in New York City turned its lights back on. The Brian Blade Fellowship has just left the stage after playing an encore that was enthusiastically requested by the audience. As people paid their bill and grab their coats, Brian Blade becomes stuck between his instrument and a line of people wishing to shake his hand and express deep pleasure with the music he presented. The album reviews of their new release Body and Shadow don't dwell on the instrument, but spend time praising the compositions. Six weeks earlier, Tyshawn Sorey received the MacArthur Genius Grant, the only musician chosen for the honor. In the previous September, Mark Guiliana released Jersey which was praised as "a surprising but reassuring work of art" with reviewers referencing the leader's compositions rather than his instrument. Six months after the Fellowship's performance at the Jazz Standard, Jamison Ross released All For One where reviewers singled out his voice and compositions rather than focusing on his drumming.While a college education may be the most obvious difference between the past and current generation, it is hardly the only element of the modern jazz scene that has freed the drummer from the back of the band. Yet to be studied is how the demise of the music business has changed the responsibilities of the band leader or how the lack of "gatekeepers" in the music business has allowed those that were once considered outliers to be thrust into the mainstream of the jazz scene. The impact of the new generation remains to be seen. The modern jazz scene is no longer built for franchises such as The Jazz Messengers or Elvin Jones' Jazz Machine. The complexity of modern original music makes band personnel more stagnant and highly specific. Gone are the days of
Pat LaBarbera
saxophone, tenor
Javon Jackson
saxophoneb.1965
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Jazz in Long Form
Art Blakey
Jon Sheckler
Jazz Drums
jazz drummers
Mark Guiliana
Brian Blade
Tyshawn Sorey
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